Development of Haiti 2010 Free Essays

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in horrible poverty. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, and remain at risk to damage from frequent natural disasters as well as the country’s widespread growth of deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel). While the economy has recovered in recent years, registering positive growth since 2005, four tropical storms in 2008 along with the recent storm that had hit Haiti this year in 2010 severely damaged the transportation, communications, and agricultural areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Haiti 2010 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Larger scale agricultural products in Haiti include coffee, mangos, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum and wood. Although industry is small, sugar refining, textiles and some assembly are common in Haiti. The economic inequality in Haiti is comparatively high. Expenditure distributions are highly slanted with the majority of expenditures at the low end. The GDP (gross domestic product) per capita in Haiti as of 2009 is $1,300. The number of the unemployed in Haiti is 3. 643 million people. The labor force rates in Haiti by occupation, for agriculture it is 66%, for services it is 25%, and for industry it is only 9%. In Haiti, those who can read and write are usually 15 and older. Typical males can read and write more so than girls, but only by a small percentage: males are 54. 8% literate and females are 51. 2% literate. Haiti has 15,200 primary schools, of which 90% are non-public and managed by the communities, religious organizations. The enrollment rate for primary school is 67%, and fewer than 30% reach 6th grade. Secondary schools enroll 20% of eligible-age children. Although, public education is free, private and unsophisticated schools provide around 75% of educational programs offered and less than 65% of those eligible for primary education are actually enrolled. Only 63% of those enrolled will complete primary school. Although Haitians place a high value on education, few can afford to send their children to secondary school. Remittances sent by Haitians living abroad are important in contributing to educational costs. Haiti meets most international human rights standards. In practice, however, many provisions are not respected. The government’s human rights record is poor. Political killings, kidnapping, torture, and unlawful custody are common unofficial practices. Medical facilities in Haiti are in short supply and for the most part they are all very poor quality; outside the capital standards are even lower than in Port-au-Prince. Medical care in Port-au-Prince is limited, and the level of community sanitation is extremely low. Life-threatening emergencies often require evacuation by air ambulance at the patient’s expense. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. The degree of risk in Haiti is quite high; half of the children in Haiti are unvaccinated and just 40% of the population has access to basic health care. Even before the 2010 earthquake, nearly half the causes of deaths have been attributed to HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections, meningitis and diarrheal diseases, including cholera and typhoid. Ninety percent of Haiti’s children suffer from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites. Approximately 5% of Haiti’s adult population is infected with HIV. Cases of tuberculosis in Haiti are more than ten times as high as those in other Latin American countries. Also, around 30,000 people in Haiti suffer each year from malaria. Environmental widespread growth of deforestation in Haiti as well as, soil erosion, poor supply of drinkable water, biodiversity, climate change, and desertification are some main causes as to why Haiti is such a poor and lacking country today. The forests that once covered the entire country have now been reduced to 4% of the total land area. Haiti loses 3% of its forests every year. Deforestation has had a disastrous effect on soil fertility, because the steep hillsides on which so many Haitian farmers work are particularly at risk to erosion. Another environmental factor that faces Haiti is the unplanned and unsustainable timber harvesting, agricultural clearing, and livestock cultivation that has thrown Haiti’s environment into crisis, creating the effects of hurricanes and floods on the already unstable country. Haiti’s transportation is not at all well; although they have 14 airports in Haiti, only 4 of them are paved and the other 10 are not. The road total mileage in Haiti is about 2,585 miles, only 628 miles of it is paved and 1,957 miles is unpaved. Haiti has only two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. In the past Haiti used railroads, but today they are no longer in use due to other forms of transportation that have become available. The birth rate in Haiti is 24. 92 births per 1,000 people of the population, and the death rate is 32. 31 deaths per 1,000 people of the population as of 2010. The infant mortality rate total is 77. 26% deaths per 1,000 live births; males have a higher death rate than females. Males having 81. deaths per 1,000 live births and females having 73. 07 deaths per 1,000 live births. Life expectancy of the total population is only 29. 93 years, males only having 29. 61 years and females living until around age 30. The reason for such a high mortality rate is due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower pop ulation growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. Works Cited CIA. â€Å"CIA – The World Factbook. † Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency. 27 Oct. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 010. . Nicolas, Marc-Charles. â€Å"Facts about Haiti, About Haiti, Data and Population of Haiti, Haiti Crime Report, Haiti Superficie, Haiti Superficy. † Haitisurf. com- Haiti Website, Haitian Website, Top Haitian Website – Haiti Tourism – Haiti Vacations. 2008. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . Rival, Antonio. â€Å"Culture of Haiti – Traditional, History, People, Clothing, Traditions, Women, Beliefs, Food, Customs, Family, Social, Dress, Marriage, Men, Life, Population, Religion, Rituals. † Countries and Their Cultures. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . U. S. Library of Congress. â€Å"Haiti – GEOGRAPHY. † Country Studies. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . How to cite Development of Haiti 2010, Papers

Communication and Interprofessional Perspective in Health Care

Question: Discuss how communication within an interprofessional team could affect collaborative working? Answer: Introduction The communication with the other member of the health care profession are becoming more and more difficult as the cognitive map that is developed during the professional education as well as socialization are becoming more embedded. It was seen that the despite the improvements that were made recently in the interpersonal understanding, confusion and conflict regarding the nature of the roles that the people in the various departments perform are hampering the interprofessional communication among the various health care professional (ODaniel and Rosenstein, 2008). Communication and Interprofessional Perspective in Health Care Communication is the process by which the people impart or interchange thoughts, opinions, and information by means of speech, signs or writing. It is important to know that communication is not only in the verbal form, most of the communication is done in the by means of body language, tone and attitude of the people. It needs to be seen that if there is a poor interprofessional communication then it will lead to decreased quality of work in the organization (NOTTE and SKOLNIK, 2010). In the pharmacy section it is seen that if there are poor interprofessional communication then there are chances that decrease the quality of the patient care, and there are increase in the medical errors. Moreover it is seen that if there is lack of interprofessional communication then there are chances that it will create poor job satisfaction and burnout. Collaboration in the pharmacy sector or the health care profession is seen as a way by which they assume complementary roles and they work together cooperatively. The people in collaboration share the responsibilities of the work, make decisions and they try to solve the problems associated with the work (Priest et al., 2005). They also try to formulate plans as well as carry them out in order to care for the patients. It is very essential for the nurses, physicians, as well as the other team members to have collaboration so that they are able to know the type of the work that they carry out. Thus it will enhance in the process of decision making. The components of successful teamwork It is very important to understand that there are certain hurdles that are there in the collaboration of the people in the organizations. These are additional time required in the collaboration of the team. More over there are certain other factors like clashing perceptions of the team members, lack of awareness as well as confidence of the members. It needs to be seen that these hurdles can be overcome if the members of the team have an open attitude and there are feeling of mutual trust as well as respect (NOTTE and SKOLNIK, 2010). It is seen that the improved team work as well as communication are important factors that needs to be undertaken in order to improve the job satisfaction as well as clinical effectiveness. It is seen that the extent to which the health care professionals work together and the way that they affect the quality of the work that they provide. If there are problems in the way the people communicate with each other in carrying out their work then it might in turn affect the quality of the treatment that they offer to the people. It was seen that there were many poor communication as well as poor team work in the health care practices as a result of the common practices that were prevalent. It is seen that the people does not view this as important, they consider them as repetitions of the poor communications (PUTTING PATIENTS FIRST: PATIENT-CENTRED COLLABORATIVE CARE, 2007). There are various advantages to the effective communitarian and collaboration, like there are improved flows of information, there are more successful interventions, and there is improved safety and enhanced morale of the employees. It is seen through this that the families of the patients are satisfied by the way they treat the patients and there are decreased lengths of their stay in the hospitals (Ispub.com, 2015). Barriers to effective communication It is seen in many cases that there are many health professionals who are a part of the team but they work autonomously. It is seen that the effort to improve the safety of the health care as well as the quality of the health care is hindered by the fact that there are barriers in the communication as well as collaboration. Though it needs to be seen that though the organizations are unique in nature but the problems of lack of communication and the collaboration are same in almost all the organizations (Bose and Singh, 2008). There are certain problems like the stress in the role of the individuals and unable to understand the roles that they need to play are sometimes in doubt (Shumway, 2004). There are cases when there are increased levels of complexity in the knowledge as well as the skills that are required for the care of the aged patients with chronic diseases requires an increase in the specialization of the health care experts. Thus it is seen often that the healthcare exper ts are more specialized in doing similar jobs rather than exchange in their disciplines. Often it is seen that the staffs that sees poor performances in their peers and other team members do not speak up in the fear that they might be retaliated. They also fear that it will do no good to them. The relationship between the individuals who provide patient care might have a prevailing influence on how as well as even if significant information is being communicated (Solomon and Geddes, 2009). Study has shown that the delay in the patient care as well as frequent problems from unsettled dispute is frequently the by-product of the disagreement between the nurse and the physician. There are drawbacks in the fact that health care professional are trained in the in the old style of caring the patients where they were not given the value of interprofessional communication and the advantages associated with it. Thus they seem to be reluctant of the new way of carrying out their task. Advantages of communication and collaboration It is to be seen that due to the increased complexity in the medical health care along with the limited human resources, it is important to create an environment where the individuals are able to speak as well as express the concerns. It was seen that the radiologic technologists settled on the fact that the care of the patients would be enhanced if there is an increase in the level of interprofessional communication as well as collaboration (Hartrick Doane et al., 2012). From this we are able see that when a team wishes to commune intricate information in a small time period, it is very helpful to make use of techniques where the communication is structured so as to ensure accuracy. Structured communication systems can serve up the same function where by the guidelines of the clinical practice does in assisting the practitioners in order to make the decisions and take the action (Tay, Ang and Hegney, 2012). The research from the aviation and the wilderness fire fighting is very useful in the health care system as because they all have settings where by there is a huge inconsistency in the circumstances, there is need to adapt the processes rapidly, a quick changing of the knowledge base, and the highly skilled professionals who have to use skilled judgment in the dynamic settings (The impact and effectiveness of interprofessional communication, 2015). The ability of the people to communicate as well as function properly and effectively as a part of t he team, is one of the foremost skill that is designed to enhance the quality of the teamwork and the enhance the individual performance. Conclusions It can be concluded that the effective clinical practice should not concentrate only on the issues of technological system, but also on the human factor (Thompson, 2007). It was seen in the case that good communication supports teamwork and helps in the prevention of errors. It is important to see that the health care organizations must assess the possible system for the poor communication and be meticulous about contributing programs as well as outlets to assist in promoting team collaboration. Thus by addressing to this issue, it can be seen that the health care organizations have a chance to greatly improve the clinical outcomes (How interprofessional learning improves care, 2015). It was seen that the interprofessional communication which is poor was seen to be a foundation for the occupational stress. Furthermore it was seen that the participants professed that by increasing both the quantity and the quality of communication, it would increase the job satisfaction of the people. it was seen in some cases that the perceptions differed very little on the basis of age, facility size, educational degree, gender, as well as years of work experience the people has. References Bose, S. and Singh, V. (2008). Barriers to effective communication in developing world intensive care units.Critical Care Medicine, 36(10), p.2961. Hartrick Doane, G., Stajduhar, K., Causton, E., Bidgood, D. and Cox, A. (2012). End-of-life Care and Interprofessional Communication: Not Simply a Matter of "More".Health and Interprofessional Practice, 1(3). How interprofessional learning improves care. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.nursingtimes.net/Journals/2013/05/30/p/q/j/290513-How-interprofessional-learning-improves-care.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Ispub.com, (2015).Internet Scientific Publications. [online] Available at: https://ispub.com/IJRA/12/2/4895 [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. NOTTE, C. and SKOLNIK, N. (2010). Teamwork Is Key to a Successful Transition.Family Practice News, 40(10), pp.50-51. NOTTE, C. and SKOLNIK, N. (2011). Teamwork Is Key to Successful EHR Transition.Skin Allergy News, 42(6), p.56. ODaniel, M. and Rosenstein, A. (2008). Professional Communication and Team Collaboration.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2637/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Priest, H., Sawyer, A., Roberts, P. and Rhodes, S. (2005). A survey of interprofessional education in communication skills in health care programmes in the UK.Journal of Interprofessional Care, 19(3), pp.236-250. PUTTING PATIENTS FIRST: PATIENT-CENTRED COLLABORATIVE CARE. (2007). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://fhs.mcmaster.ca/surgery/documents/CollaborativeCareBackgrounderRevised.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Shumway, J. (2004). Components of quality: competence, leadership, teamwork, continuing learning and service.Med Teach, 26(5), pp.397-399. Solomon, P. and Geddes, E. (2009). An interprofessional e-learning module on health care ethics.CJIC, pp.1-4. Tay, L., Ang, E. and Hegney, D. (2012). Nurses perceptions of the barriers in effective communication with inpatient cancer adults in Singapore.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(17-18), pp.2647-2658. The impact and effectiveness of interprofessional communication. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/78718/003091.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Thompson, D. (2007). Interprofessionalism in health care: Communication with the patient's identified family.Journal of Interprofessional Care, 21(5), pp.561-563.

Proportional Representation System

The Canadian electoral system should be changed to ensure democratic expansion. As such, it should be replaced with the proportional representation electoral system. This system demands fair representation of the respective political groups and the voters as well. It allows a number of representatives to be elected from one district as opposed to the current system in which only one person is elected. The number of seats taken depends on the percentage of acquired votes (Altman, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proportional Representation System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Party List Voting This type of voting is considered to be the most common form of proportional representation. Under the party list voting system, each group produces a number of candidates proportional to the available seats within that district. In addition, each party or group gets a number of seats according to the number of vote s acquired. Individuals are also allowed to vie although they are put on a different list and represented as a party of their own. The two major lists here are the closed and open systems. In the closed system, the party puts forth a list of candidates in a given order and the voters are allowed to vote for that particular party as a whole without showing any preference for a particular candidate. When the party wins, the candidates are selected from that list according to the set order. In the open list system, voters are the ones who decide on the fate of a candidate as they vote for a candidate individually and not as a party. In addition, the person with the highest number of votes is elected. This system is most common in the European democracies (Blais, 1990). The system is ideal for large states or legislatures and it ensures good representation of the districts in a particular state. This would particularly be good for Canada given that it is a large state (Gregson, 2004). A dvantages of Proportional Representation There are a number of advantages associated with this system. For example, the system takes into account such minority groups as women. Representation is diverse and campaigns are not characterized by propaganda as is the case with the other systems. There is also a significant reduction in voter bribery. The system is also characterized by a large voter turnout given that the voters have a large pool of parties to choose their candidates from. The system is characterized by fairness and flexibility, is more modernized in comparison with the other systems whereby the winner takes it all (Grubel 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mixed-Member Proportional Voting This type of voting system is also referred to as compensatory proportional representation. Here, the two systems are combined and the number of candidates from the two systems is e qual: both from the plurality and PR systems. The system is preferred due to its effective in ensuring good representation of the members of a district. The system seems to be a compromise of the two representative systems. People choose the district representative on one side and on the other side they get to choose their party candidate of choice (Franklin, 2005). In this system, there is a set threshold that the party must meet. For instance, a party must get at least 5% of the total party votes across the nation or win three district races so as to get representation into the legislature. In this system, the seats are equally divided among the party contestants and the number is then added to the district representative. This is a good system in ensuring geographic as well as ideological representation. Politically, this system usually results in the formation of coalition governments with representatives from both the district level and party level (Gastil, 2008). In the event that the winner of the constituency seat is on the party list, then the candidate cannot occupy the two seats; instead the candidate who is closely behind replaces him/her in the party list while he/she takes the constituency seat. The regional open-list system was recommended for Canada although it has not yet been adopted. In overhang seats, a particular party acquires more seats than the number of seats allocated. The assembly seats are usually allocated to the parties depending on the number of votes acquired. The system is particularly good for t countries with a large population like Canada. The system ensures that the local as well as the national concerns are addressed. It is particularly of great significance in areas that are known to have geographical, social, economic and cultural diversity (Harvey, 2008). The Potential for Tactical Voting There is always the fear that minor parties stand a high chance of weakening the major ones especially if they do not meet the set th reshold. In tactical voting, party votes are usually considered to be of greater importance than the respective constituency votes in determining the election results. Voters may therefore tend to apply the tactic of splitting their votes so as to have double representation (Henry, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proportional Representation System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shortfalls The system is likely to be abused especially when a party decides to divide itself into two parts whereby one represents one half of the party and concentrates on the acquisition of constituency seats while the other concentrates on the acquisition of other lesser seats. The result would therefore be an overhang. It has also been proved that the system is complicated and the voters may have difficulty in trying to understand it particularly when it comes to the differentiation between the constituency vote and the part y vote (Golding, 1998). Preference Voting This type of voting is also referred to as the Single Transfer Vote. In this system, voters rank the candidates in order of preference. In the event that his or her preferred candidate is eliminated, the vote cast is automatically transferred to the next candidate. This ensures that no votes are wasted. This system is mainly applicable to non-partisan elections (for example, city council elections). Through this system, a particular voter can cast his or her vote for a number of candidates. Chances are that the most preferred candidate will be the best in terms of performance hence ensuring that the only the most qualified individuals joins the legislature. The system is good as it ensures that the voters have the final word when it comes to making decisions about their candidates. The system therefore helps to minimize the problems associated with dirty politics (Howe, 2000). In this system, when a candidate has reached the appropriate thre shold, the extra votes are transferred to the next candidate of choice. The candidate who is not likely to win is eliminated and his/her the votes given to the one who is likely to win. The process continues until the appropriate candidates are chosen. This system is preferred as it ensures that the votes are not wasted. The system ensures good party representation as opposed to the plurality-majority voting where the elections are not only characterized by misrepresentation but underrepresentation as well (Karp, 1999). Significance of the System The system can be of great importance when dealing with such fundamental issues in Canada as health reforms. The system gives room for the full representation of voters’ ideas and it shows no ideological biases. It ensures that a consensus is reached when handling difficult issues. As much as the policies are made by the majority, the minority are also included in the discussion of very significant issue hence ensuring that all possi bilities are exhausted before a conclusion can be reached (Testa, 2008). With a variety of candidates to choose from, chances are high that one of the candidates voted by a particular voter will be elected as opposed to the system where only one representative is voted in and the rest are left out. The representation is mainly based on political viewpoints rather than geographical representation.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the current Canadian system, only those candidates that are of the winning candidate’s viewpoint are represented while those of the losing candidates have no representation at all. The result is therefore unfairness and biasness. In the current society, people are so mobile and even close neighbors could be holding viewpoints that are completely opposite yet they all need to have their viewpoints represented at the legislature (Kay, 1998). The system gives room for new ideas and solutions given that no idea is ignored, even from the minority group. In the winner-take-it-all system however, the winning side brands the losing side with the negative connotation and there is almost no room for consultation. In such a system, the candidates do all that they can to win the elections including voter bribery. In the proportional representation system however, the campaigns are issue based and not depended on propaganda, corruption and dirty politics. Less money is therefore requir ed for the campaigns hence reducing corruption and promoting democracy. The candidate does not need as much votes in order to win an election. This system is ideal in reducing gender, racial and other forms of discrimination for the minority groups. The adoption of the system will therefore result in equal representation of the Canadian population (Teixeira, 1987). Loser Delegation System In this system, the candidate who has very minimal chances of winning is allowed to delegate his/her vote to the candidate who is likely to win in his/her district or any other district with no regard to the party. The votes that are usually delegated may not necessarily have an effect on whoever enters the legislature but may greatly have an impact on the subsequent votes within the legislature (Loenen, 2002). Change to Proportional Representation The change to this kind of system does not necessarily demand the overhaul of the current constitution. Instead, it requires that the laws be passed by the legislature in favor of the system without necessarily having to amend the constitution. This may also be done through the voter initiative. Through political mobilization, the system could be initiated in the Canadian system by changing some laws that are applicable (McNair, 2007). Canada’s Electoral System Reform The pressing for the Canadian electoral reform started during World War I and was spearheaded by different groups. The recommended system has been the proportional representation system. Reform efforts have however not borne fruits given that the government has always failed to pass the appropriate laws to support such a reform. Most groups like the political parties and farmers associations adopted the system in carrying out their voting activities and this proved successful a good example being the BC’s Liberal Party (Mill, 1861). The current Canadian electoral system has several weaknesses that need to be addressed. The country uses the system of sing le member plurality and which in the real sense does not reflect the voters’ representation to the fullest. There has been a general decline in the voter turnout in the recent years hence prompting the need for a new system that would ensure increased voter turnout. The system majorly represents the majority groups while leaving out the minority who also need to be represented. Most of the wishes of the minority groups are therefore left out. There has been a call for the change of the current electoral system and the adoption of a system that can be relied upon like the mixed member system which increases chances of equal representation between the majority and minority groups (Newman, 2006). Canada’s law commission has recommended electoral reforms although the breakthrough has not been much. In 2005, the citizens were allowed to vote on a referendum concerning the need to change the current electoral system. The percentage needed for the electoral reform was only le ss by 2% given that the motion of electoral reform needed 60% of the votes across the provinces. The total vote count amounted to 58% of the total vote count hence falling short of what was required. Shortfalls of the current electoral system were manifested when the present liberal government managed to come to power even after getting lesser votes across the provinces, in comparison with the conservatives (Wolfinger, 1991). Several debates have been held in and effort to resolve the issue of electoral system restructuring. In addition, different recommendations have also been given although very little has been done to the same effect. The Mix-Member proportional system was suggested by a set secretariat although this was overruled by the Ontarian voters who rejected it in a referendum that was held in 2007 (Odenwald, 2008). Advantages of the Single Member Plurality System This system seems to be the most preferred over the proposed system due to a number of factors. This system i s particularly significant in democracies with multiple parties as the majority government is likely to be produced in such a case in such a competitive system. Such a government is usually stable and more accountable to the voters. Coalition governments on the other hand are characterized by squabbles and finger pointing. Leaders always want to take credit for the positive happenings but avoid cannot shoulder the blame for the wrong happenings. The system also allows the voters and views and interests to be represented by their own single representative and no conflict of interests (Phillips, 1975). Disadvantages of the System In this system, the number of wasted votes is enormous. A candidate only needs one vote ahead of his opponent in order to be declared a winner and the rest of the extra votes are just wasted. In the real sense, the party seats are never the exact representation of the number of votes acquired. There is no full representation of the electorate given that only those ascribing to the view of the winning candidate or party are fully represented while the rest are not represented (Douglas, 2005). Is Proportionality Relative? In assessing the two systems, the question of relative proportionality has to be considered. While comparing different systems, it has always been thought that one system offers greater representation than the other. The proportional representation system in particular has been compared to other systems like the plurality system where the winner takes it all. The plurality system is thought of as being disproportional and that it does not fully represent the voters’ interests. Canada for instance still employs the plurality system although many people are dissatisfied with it and are pressing for the appropriate voting system reforms (Pinto, 1991). Problems of Party Proportionality Proportional systems often use party proportionality to measure their representation and hence proving to be limited in some way. Some systems have in fact been proved to be so much obsessed with the issues of party proportionality hence resulting in the balance of power being left to small parties that are idiosyncratically governed hence forming governments that are unstable. The Canadian case has particularly been worsened by the fact that most of those parties that come to power do not even get the 40%of the required total vote so as to form the government. This results in weaker governments and weaker legislature characterized by a weaker judiciary (Brooker, 2008). PR system’s overdependence on political parties makes the system inefficient in a way, given that political parties are slowly losing their influence on the people. Voters are slowly becoming independent of the political parties and hence they require an alternative system that does not excessively depend on the political parties. The closed list system is disadvantageous given that the voters are allowed to vote for a party as a block and n ot necessarily individuals hence the voters’ freedom to choose the candidate of their freedom of choice is curtailed (Courtney, 1991). The PR system has been adopted by many nations as compared to the plurality system. The system is particularly common in most European countries with German being included. The system was also adopted by France when the Second World War ended although it was later discarded in 1958. At one point, the system had been recommended for adoption by parliamentary assembly of the United Nations so as to enable the Indian lower casts to be included or be represented (Chowdhury, 1997). Partial Proportionality Some countries usually have only one electoral district where only one candidate is expected to win while others have different candidates being elected from one given district or constituency. The proportion of representation is therefore measured per the number of representatives or candidates from that particular district. In the case of a Mult i-member District, the winning candidate is expected to have majority of the votes in comparison to the other candidates. Some quotas may for instance demand that a candidate get at least 50% of the total votes in that district and have more votes than the rest although the quotas may vary (Smith, 1991). The issue of gerrymandering is therefore significantly reduced in the PR system. Proportionality in an electoral system is not necessarily made possible by the employment of Multi-Member Districts. In some cases, a party can win a certain number of seats and yet fail to raise the whole number of candidates required to fill them hence resulting in an under-hang (Choe, 1997). A lot of resources have been channeled towards ensuring that Canada gets a new electoral system and several referenda held in trying to get the country a new electoral system most of which have borne no fruit (Seligson, 1995). However, the current plurality system has very many shortfalls and it needs to be repla ced by a more appropriate system. The PR system seems to be the best option for country given its large size and population. The system will ensure greater representation of peoples’ interests across the wider geographical area (Carty, 1991). Canadians only get to exercise their democratic rights during the time of an election. It is however surprising that most of their votes are wasted given that their favorite candidates at times lose by a very small margin (Rose, 1997). This has led to the frustration of many individuals who opt to stay at home on the elections day given that their candidates are likely to lose in the election. Voter dissatisfaction seems to be playing a big role in the lower voter turnout. The voter system therefore needs to be rethought so as to ensure that the voters exercise their democracy to the fullest (Carroll, 1995). Reference List Altman, D. (2000). The Politics of Coalition Formation and Survival in Multiparty Presidential Democracies: The Case of Uruguay, 1989-1999. Party Politics, 6(3), 259-283. Blais, A., Carty, R. K. (1990). Does proportional representation foster voter turnout?  European Journal of Political Research, 18(2), 167-181. Brooker, K. (2008). Another election, another wasted vote. September 8th 2008.  Calgary Herald. Carroll, D. et al.(1995) Civil and Voter Registration and Identification System: Proposed Implementation System. Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Carty, R. K. (1991) Registering Voters: Comparative Perspectives, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Choe, Y. (1997) How to Manage Free and Fair Elections: A Comparison of Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Goteborg: Goteborg University. Chowdhury, J. A. (1997). Voter Registration and Identity Cards in South Asian Countries. London: Macmillan. Courtney, J. C. (1991) Registering Voters: Comparative Perspectives. Massachusetts: Harvard University. Courtney, J. C., David Smith. (1991).Registering Voters: Canada in Comparative Context.† Democratic Rights and Electoral Reform in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn. Douglas J. A. (2005).Proportional Representation: The Case for a Better Election  System.   New York: Routledge. Franklin, B., Einstein, A., Brown, R. M. (1985). Insanity: doing the same thing repeatedly  again and expecting different results.   Ontario: Broadview Press Gastil, J. (2008). Political Communication and Deliberation. Sage Publications. Golding, P., Elliott, P. (1999). Media Studies: a Reader (second edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Gregson, I. (2004). Overhauling our electoral process. SFU News Online. March 18th 2004. Grubel, H. (2004). The Case against Proportional Representation. Toronto Star. November 14th 2004. Harvey, J. (2008). Canada needs electoral reform. Telegraph-Journal. October 22nd 2008. Henry M. (2000), Making Every Vote Count: Reassessing Canada’s Electoral  System.  Ontario: Broadview Press. Howe, P., Northrup, D. (2000). Strengthening Canadian Demo cracy. Policy Matters, 1(5). July 2000. Karp, J. A., Banducci, S. A. (1999). The Impact of Proportional Representation on Turnout: Evidence from New Zealand. Australian Journal of Political Science, 34(3), 363-377. Kay, A. F. (1998). Locating Consensus for Democracy. St Augustine: American Talk  Issues Foundation. Loenen, N. (2002), Citizenship and Democracy:   A Case for Proportional  Representation. Ontario: Dundurn Press. McNair, B. (2007). An Introduction to Political Communication. New York: Routledge. Mill, J. S. (1861). Representative Government. Newman, G. (2006). Electoral system.  London: Macmillan Odenwald, B. (2008). Newly-wed Odenwald decries swapping and its causes. Fair Vote  Canada, Press Release. September 15, 2008. Phillips, K. P., Blackman, P. (1975). Electoral Reform and Voter Participation: Federal Registration, a False Remedy for Voter Apathy. California: Hoover Institute. Pinto D. M. (1991) Electoral Registration in Britain: Is There a Case for   Reform? Massachusetts: Cambridge. Rose, R. (1997). Evaluating Election Turnout. A Global Report on Political Participation. Stockholm: International IDEA. Seligson, M. et al. (1995). Who Votes in Central America? A Comparative  Analysis. Elections and Democracy in Central America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Smith, D. E. (1991). Federal Voter Enumeration in Canada: An Assessment. Registering Voters: Comparative Perspectives, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Teixeira, R. A. (1987). Why Americans Don’t Vote: Turnout Decline in the United States, 1960–1984. New York: Greenwood. Testa, R. (2008). Proportional Representation vs. First-Past-The-Post Wolfinger, R. E. (1991) The Politics of Voter Registration Reform. Registering Voters: Comparative Perspectives. Massachusetts: Harvard University. This essay on Proportional Representation System was written and submitted by user Jaelynn Irwin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The representatin of the Gauch essays

The representatin of the Gauch essays During the 1820s there was no national government in Argentina, at least not one which survived for long. In the year 1820, the year of anarchy, the province of Buenos Aires itself had at least twenty-four governors. In the rest of the country government was in the hands of the local gaucho leaders - caudillos. The gauchos are a mixture of Spanish and Indian blood who roam the pampa, their every want is provided by the catlle and the horses of the pampa. The national character of the Argentine people was already distinctive and had pronounced that it had aquired its special quality from the gauchos themselves e.g. persoanl independance and personal rule. In the 1920s a number of regionalist novels written in Latin America attracted international attention. Don Segundo Sombra, written by Ricardo Guiraldes and published in 1926, was amongst the first Latin American novels to be translated into the European languages and to be read by a public which had no first-hand knowldge of the areas which the author describes. The commited write tended to think of the modernist or post-modernist as decadent, too interested in aesthetic problems and not interested enough in I the problems of his society. With the 1920s and the acctive engagement of many writers in the political struggle these differences were accentuated. Roughness, documentary truth and realism were assumed to be marks of a greater sincerity, a higher regard for the sufferings of the poor. Ricardo Guraldes was exceptional in his peroccupation both with style and with the expression of national values in literature. Guiraldes referred to the importance of the gaucho on various occasions, in essays and studies, always speaking of his noble qualities, his freedom and his self-sufficiency.The first refernces to the gauchos that Guiraldes made in his work were in El cencerro de cristal. Here, the gaucho is a symbol of the pampas and and ...

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